You don't need paths for standard libs, and the path to glut.h should already be set in your old project (if it has worked).
The old projects have worked.
You are just missing some header files that are in dev-packages like libstdc++6-x.x-dev, linux-libc-dev, freeglut3-dev .
I guess you are also missing (at least) the g++-package (it depends on libstdc++6-x.x-dev) and most likely some more.
I have all the packages you mention. So it have to be "some more".
I can locate the files and it looks ok to me.
:~$ locate glut.h
/usr/include/GL/freeglut.h
/usr/include/GL/glut.h
/usr/share/doc/freeglut3-dev/freeglut.html
:~$ locate time.h
/usr/include/mf-runtime.h
/usr/include/time.h
/usr/include/utime.h
/usr/include/bits/time.h
/usr/include/linux/time.h
/usr/include/linux/utime.h
/usr/include/sys/time.h
/usr/include/wx-2.8/wx/datetime.h
+ many more references.
edit: As for g++ I have plain g++ 4.3.2, not multilib version. I am not sure what the differences are.