It looks like you have added the "#include <stdio.h>" statement to the "# defines" tab in the compiler settings.
Either on project level (Build options of the project or target) or globally in "Settings -> Compiler ...".
This is plain wrong.
Such includes belong into the C/C++-file itself.
Defines are something completely different and can be added inside the source or header files in a line starting with a hash (#), or on the commandline of the compiler (for gcc-compilers prepended with a -D), that's what the happens with statements in the "' defines"-tab.
Now the IDE (Code::Blocks) adds the "#include <stdio.h>" to the commandline when invoking the compiler (prepended with "-D") and that's what happens here.
The commandline defines #include but due to the following space, it tries to find a file named <stdio.h>, what obviously does not exist.
So find the place where you added this line to the tab or start a new project from scratch (with the wizard) and see if it works.
If not, it is set in the global settings, and these settings should not be touched unless you know exactly what you do, because they are used for all projects using this compiler.
An exceptions might be the "Toolchain executables" tab (at least on windows), because you might have to define the correct installation dir of the compiler (and probably the exe-names).