Directly, as supported by the interface, no.
However, if you have Gnuwin32 or something similar on your computer, you cand do one of two things:
1. replace console_runner with a batch file that runs the real console runner through
tee2. run your program as post-build step, again through
tee.
You may want to file a feature request (and possibly a patch, it should not be too hard to implement) at BerliOS for this. If you implement a working patch, it will likely be implemented in trunk and nightly builds very soon. Not having looked at the actual code, I guess it won't be more than 10-15 lines of code for such a patch.
Under
Project -->
Set Program's arguments, there is a file selector field "host application". Code::Blocks uses the provided program name if your project builds a dynamic library, so the library can be "run" via the host application. Executable programs are normally standalone, so this doesn't make sense here. However, as you've presented in your case, it may still be useful.
It would only be logical to extend this functionality insofar as if a host application is given with a target that produces an executable, the respective program should be launched and the project target's output executable be given as last argument.
That would enable you to simply enter some program and some arguments and filter any of your programs through any other program.