I think what you want is already there.
Open Code::Blocks, click on the View menu, go to Layouts and click on Debugging. Open Local Variables and Func Args and put them wherever you want. Now click on the View menu, go to Layouts and Save current. Be sure to save it as Debugging, then press OK.
It seems to work that way now. Before, you had to write the names of the layouts to be used when switching to Debugging mode, but I cannot find those options now. The change went unnoticed for me then.