There is a CodeBlocks manual which is quite good but I doubt that it conbtains step-by-step instructions. And I have not used anything else beside the wiki myself.
Normally Linux setup is pretty easy because there is with gcc and gdb a common compiler/debugger that can be istalled by the packet manager with little room for error. They use a standard setup and paths etc.
Depending on your level of knowlege it might be an idea to narrow down the area for the errors. Like
* make sure the components work separtely, like you can compile, run and debug a simple program on the command line
* if you have installed from some PPA or self-compiled uninstall everything (with apt purge) and install and test the default repository version. That should work out of the box.
If that work and you other version does not, that points to a configuration error.
* remove your user settings and test the default settings. Maybe you have misconfigured something.
* If you are beginner thant you should know that CodeBlocks has two setup options for debuggers. CDB and GDB. CDB is windows only, so you must use GDB in Settings/debugger.
Thats very generic advice on a very generic info, obviously
