Okay, sorry.
I've just tried a lot an finally found out my fault... I changed the "Make" Commands for the project itself but of course they got overwritten by those of the build target, which I didn't change. That's why the compiler did not find the makefile, so I changed it in the dialog where I selected "This is a custom Makefile". I think this caused all those strange bugs. Sorry again.
But one more question: is it possible to build both release and debug at once? Ok, in the Qt Project Options you can choose them both, but of course this does not work, because in both the makefile.targetname.release and makefile.targetname.debug it says:
TARGET = targetname.exe
DESTDIR_TARGET = bin\targetname\targetname.exe
If I create a empty project with Release and Debug targets, then run "qmake -project" and "qmake projectname", in C::B I can choose between both targets and when compiling the exe's are created in Debug\ resp. Release\ folders. Is this possible with the plugin? I think, you need 2 build targets, but then the plugin creates two project files, and then there are 6 makefiles... is there an easier way?