You don't need makefiles for debuild.
You can work with C::B directly, if you can create the packages with a running xserver.
I have a very simple testapp on my server for download, that shows, how it can be done:
http://apt.jenslody.de/downloads/testapp.tar.bz2 (http://apt.jenslody.de/downloads/testapp.tar.bz2)
or
http://apt.jenslody.de/downloads/testapp.7z (http://apt.jenslody.de/downloads/testapp.7z)
Otherwise you have to used a selfcompiled C::B for console. There exists a branch for it on svn.
svn checkout http://svn.berlios.de/svnroot/repos/codeblocks/branches/codeblocks_console .
http://forums.codeblocks.org/index.php/topic,14402.msg96848.html#msg96848 (http://forums.codeblocks.org/index.php/topic,14402.msg96848.html#msg96848)
To create makefiles from C::B projects you can use cbp2make : http://forums.codeblocks.org/index.php/topic,13675.0.html (http://forums.codeblocks.org/index.php/topic,13675.0.html) .
I never used it myself.