In theory you can use cmake to create ninja+codeblocks project. This works fine on linux, I'm not sure how well does it work on windows.
But even if you cannot create the cbp file with cmake you can setup the build with pure ninja or make and then you can manually create a custom makefile project in code blocks.
Making the debugger work would be complex but should be possible. If you get it building and running you can ask more question how to do it. As a minimum you should be able to attach to a running Inkscape process...